How to safely charge lithium-Ion batteries
Safe Charging of Lithium Batteries
Lithium batteries are a part of our modern lives. Powering everything from smartphones and laptops to power tools, forklifts and electric vehicles. While they offer many advantages over traditional batteries, such as higher energy density and longer lifespans, they also come with potential hazards. One of the most severe risks associated with lithium batteries is the possibility of fire or explosion if they are not correctly handled or charged.
Lithium batteries come in different chemistry, including Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), Lithium Polymer (Lipo) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), among others. This guide applies to all types of battery charging and the best practices to keep you safe. Battery fires have been well-documented and published in the media, especially from E-bikes and scooters.
Dangers of Lithium Battery Charging
Lithium batteries contain a flammable electrolyte that can ignite if the battery is overheated or short-circuited. This can lead to a fire or explosion that can cause serious injuries or damage to property. In some cases, charging lithium batteries can also vent toxic gases, such as hydrogen fluoride, irritating the lungs and eyes.
Safety Procedures for Charging Lithium Batteries
To minimise the risks associated with lithium battery charging, following some basic safety precautions is important. These include:
- Consider using a specialist battery charging cabinet for both safe charging and battery storage. Recommendations for lithium, lithium-ion (li-ion battery), and lithium polymer (lipo battery) all contain high energy when fully charged.
- Fire-resistant cabinets should have a certification for a 60 or 90-minute fire rating. Look for EN1363-1 and EN14470-1 Type 90 standards.
- Always use the manufacturer-approved charger. This will help ensure that the battery is charged at the correct voltage and current. This also optimises the full charge.
- Avoid overcharging the battery during the charging process. Overcharging can cause the battery to overheat and potentially ignite.
- Do not charge the battery in a hot or humid environment. High temperatures can increase the risk of fire or explosion.
- Treat Lithium batteries carefully and avoid rough handling, which may damage the cells.
- Never charge a battery if it is damaged or leaking. Damaged batteries can short-circuit and ignite.
- Do not leave the battery charging unattended. This will help to prevent overcharging and overheating.
- Store batteries in a cool, dry place.
Additional Safe Battery Charging Tips
In addition to the safety precautions listed above, there are a few other things you can do to reduce the risk of fire or explosion when lithium batteries are being charged:
- Have a fire extinguisher available that is rated for electrical fires. This will help to put out a fire quickly if one occurs.
- Have a smoke alarm installed in the charging area. This will alert you to a fire early on, giving you time to escape.
- Keep batteries away from flammable materials. This includes things like paper, cloth, and wood.
- Dispose of batteries properly. Please do not throw them away with domestic waste. Instead, take them to a recycling centre.
- Read this Battery safety guide from the UK Health & Safety Executive (HSE) for more information about battery charging in the workplace.
Conclusion
Following the safety procedures listed above, you can help minimise the risks of charging lithium batteries. However, it is essential to remember that there is always some risk involved when using lithium batteries. If you have any concerns about the safety of a lithium battery, it is always best to err on the side of caution and dispose of it properly.